Pathogenesis of Cognitive Disorders

Neuro pathological signs of Cognitive disorders are neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques. Plaques consist majorly of the protein fragment beta-amyloid. This particle is produced from a "parent" molecule called amyloid precursor protein. Tangles comprise of tau, a protein normally involved in maintaining the internal structure of the nerve cell. While tau is normally modified by phosphorylation, or the attachment of phosphate molecules, excessive phosphorylation appears to contribute to tangle formation and prevents the protein from carrying out its normal functions. Oxidative stress or damage to cellular structures by toxic oxygen molecules known as free radicals is also regarded as a pathology characteristic of Alzheimer’s. Individuals with Alzheimer’s typically experience brain inflammation. Many of the oldest patients with Alzheimer’s show signs of cerebrovascular disease in addition to "classic" Alzheimer's neuropathology.

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