3^rd World summit on Neurology, Psychiatric disorders and Mental health May 25-26, 2021 Singapore City, Singapore

Neuroscience or neurobiology is the study of nervous system scientifically. It is multifaceted branch of biology that incorporates psychology, anatomy, molecular biology, developmental biology, cytology, physiology and mathematical modelling to interpret the emergent or fundamental properties of neurons. The scope of this field (neuroscience) has widened over time to encompass different approaches which are used to learn about the nervous system at different techniques and scales utilized by neuroscientists have enormously from cellular and molecular studies of individual neurons to imaging of motor, sensory and cognitive tasks in the brain.

Cognitive neuroscience is the field which is concerned scientifically with the study of the biological processes and aspects which determine cognition. These aspects majorly focus on the neural connections in the brain which are involved in mental processes. It addresses the questions of how cognitive activities are affected or dominance by neural circuits in the brain. Cognitive neuroscience is a branch of both psychology and neuroscience, overlapping with disciplines such a cognitive psychology, physiological psychology, affective neuroscience and behavioural neuroscience. Methods employed in cognitive neuroscience include experimental procedures from cognitive psychology, psychophysics, functional neuroimaging, behavioural genetics and cognitive genomics. Theoretical approaches include computational neuroscience and cognitive psychology.

Neurogenetic and neurometabolic abnormalities are disorders which affect how the brain and other organs function. These are occurrence in young children of all ages, genders and races. Neurogenetic disease is the umbrella term of chronic diseases which describe the brain disorders (function and structure) that occur following changes in the genes of the child- these cause certain brain cells to develop and function abnormally. In the case of neurometabolic abnormalities, these disorders result from problems in the enzymes of the body’s cells that either unable to use foods to produce the energy which cell requisite, or get purge of the breakdown products of the foods which are used.

Neurosurgery or neurological surgery is the medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis, prevention, surgical treatment and rehabilitation of disorders that affect any portion of the nervous system including the spinal cord, brain, cerebrovascular system and nervous system. A person (physician) who specializes in neurosurgery is called as Neurosurgeon. Medically trained neurosurgical specialists help patients suffering from back and neck pain as well as other illnesses ranging from trigeminal neuralgia to head injury and Parkinson’s disease.   

The study of the interconnection between the nervous system and the endocrine system is known as neuroendocrinology. The neuroendocrine system is a mechanism which deals with the hypothalamus that maintains regulating reproduction, metabolism, homeostasis, eating and drinking behaviour, osmolality, energy utilization and blood pressure. Understanding of stimulus-secretion coupling, the augmentation of the treatment of the treatment of mood symptoms with thyroid hormone, finding of a transthyretin problem is an important portion of neuroendocrinology.

The physiology of nervous system is concerned with investigation of function in peripheral and central nervous system. A major device which is used in neurophysiology is recordings of electrophysiology such as voltage clamp, patch clamp and recording of local field unit. This is the field which is mostly studied since 4000 B.C. It is the trade which also includes neuroscience. To know the function, both neuron physiology and neuroscience combined each other.

The clinical neurophysiology is an area of study through which bioelectrical activity is recorded it may be spontaneous or stimulated. Mostly encloses both pathophysiology and clinical methods used to diagnose the disease in central and peripheral nervous system. Based on electrical functions of brain, spinal cord and nerves in limb and muscles, the tests are conducted. Electromyography, electroencephalography, evoked potential and polysomnography are utilized in clinical neurophysiology and overall monitoring of electrical activity in neurons is checked.

Neurology nursing is a distinctive area within the discipline of nursing which focuses on the care of individuals with spine, brain and nervous system disorders. Neurological nursing is a very challenging nursing which deals with assessment, nursing diagnosis and management of many neurological disorders for which nurses provide patient care. They are expected to work at health care hospitals, clinics and intensive rehabilitation and brain injury units assisting complex Neuro surgeries, or with procedures in Neuro interventional Radiology and also in Clinic research areas. This incorporates brain injuries, stroke, trauma, seizures, tumours, headaches, infections and aneurysms, as well as a host of other neurological complexities.

When nerve cells in the brain are injured, they can no longer send information to each other in the regular way. This affects in the person’s behaviour and abilities. Individuals with a moderate-to-severe brain injury often have problems in basic cognitive skills (thinking skills) such as concentration, paying attention and remembering new information and events. They may speak slowly, think slowly and solve problems slowly and confused easily when things become too noisy or normal things gets changed or hectic around them. A person may have trouble with all the complex cognitive activities necessary to be competent and independent in our complex world. The brain processes huge amounts of complex information all the time that allows us to function independently in our daily lives. This activity is known as executive function because it means being the executive or being in charge of one's own life.

Dementia is a wide category of brain diseases that cause a long-term and often gradual decrease in the thinking ability and remember that is severe enough to affect daily functioning. Other common symptoms comprise difficulties with language, emotional problems and a decrease in motivation but consciousness is generally not affected. It diagnosis requires a change from a person’s normal mental functioning and greater decline than one would expect due to aging. These diseases have a significant effect on caregivers. The major common type of dementia is Alzheimer’s disease which makes up 50-70% of cases. Excluding Alzheimer other common types including vascular dementia (25%), dementia with Lewy bodies (15%).  Dementia is the disease which is most commonly occurs in elderly individuals, with advancing age being the strongest risk factor.

Central Nervous System (CNS) is the part of nervous system consisting of the spinal cord and brain. The central nervous system is so named due to it merges the information that it receives from the respective source, bring together and influence the activity of all parts the body of all multicellular animals except sponges. Cells like neurological cells are found in large amount in interneuron space of the central nervous system. The central nervous system is protected much more than any other organ in the body. The main line of defence of CNS is the bone of the skull and spinal column that creates physical barrier to injury. Also it has a shock absorbing fluid-filled space below the bones that is called Syrinx. Unfortunately this protection leads to severe complications if any injury occurs to CNS then the soft tissue of brain and spinal cord swells that causes pressure because of the restricted space. Also it is too much complicate to deal with diseases and disorders related to the central nervous system.

Neuropsychiatry is a branch which relates to medicine that deals with mental disorders attributable to nervous system diseases. It supersedes the current disciplines of psychiatry and neurology, which had common training. However, neurology and psychiatry and have subsequently break apart and are typically practiced separately. Even so, neuropsychiatry has become a growing subspecialty of psychiatry and it is also closely related to the fields of neuropsychology and behavioural neurology.

Robotic or Robot-Assisted Surgery unified advanced computer technology with the experience of the skilled and mostly esteemed surgeons. Robotic Neurosurgery technology provides the surgeon with a 10x magnified, high-definition, 3D-image of the body's intricate anatomy. The surgeon uses controls in the solace to manipulate special surgical instruments that are smaller, as well as more flexible and versatile than the human hand. The robot duplicates the surgeon's hand movements, while minimizing hand tremors. The surgeon thus can operate with enhanced accuracy, dexterity and control even during the most complex procedures. Robotic surgery is the recent new advanced technology in the field of Neurosurgery.

Neuro oncology is the study of spinal cord neoplasms and brain, many of which are so much dangerous and life-threatening like astrocytoma, glioma, glioblastoma multiforme, ependymoma, pontine glioma and brain stem tumors are among the many examples of these. Among the malignant brain cancers, gliomas of the brainstem and pons, gliblastome multiforme, and high-grade astrocytoma are among the worst. The neuro oncology which relates to cancer that spreads to the nervous system by direct invasion, compression or metastasis. Direct compression or invasion from continuous tissues relates to the proximity of the nervous system to other structures, such as lumbosacral plexus, brachial plexus, vertebral neuroforamina, cranium, base of skull and pelvic bones.

A drug used to treat Neuropsychological, Neuropsychiatric or Nervous system disorders. Generally, Neuro Pharmaceutics concentrates on identification of therapeutic targets, and then translating those discoveries into drug and therapy development. Research in Neuropharmaceutics encompasses drug discovery for limiting high frequency activity in Epilepsy; drug transport proteins which controls drug distribution to target tissues; bipolar disorder and schizophrenia; intranasal delivery methods for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease; development of strategies to evaluate therapeutics on preclinical models of Alzheimer’s disease, development of strategies to evaluate therapeutics on preclinical models of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, anti-atherogenic and anti-diabetic therapies for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease and other age related dementias and development of analgesic agents for chronic pain.

Cognitive rehabilitation refers to a large range of evidence based intercession designed to improve cognitive functioning in brain injured or otherwise cognitively impaired individuals to restore normal functioning or to compensate for cognitive deficits. There are two main techniques in cognitive rehabilitation that are remediation and compensatory approaches. Cognitive rehabilitation is designed to stimulate new learning or relearning of cognitive tasks and thus, to improve domains of slippage. Compensatory approaches seek to develop in the patients functioning by keep away from the areas of impairment and recruiting other intact cognitive domains or by providing a supportive external environment.

To understand the relation between conscious mental states and brain activity, we should make progress in three distinct areas. To be conscious is to be stir (rather than in a dreamless sleep or unconscious) and so we must understand the neural mechanisms which are associated with changes in level of consciousness. But when we are stir, our conscious states are individuated by their content, which has a particular subjective feel. We therefore need to understand the neural bedrocks of conscious content, and how such representations in the brain are distinguished from only unconscious processing. And finally humans (and also some other animals) are self-aware and able to make self-analysed judgments about their perception and action. Understanding the neural correlates of such metacognitive ability is also needed.

Computational Neurology is the study of the brain and its functions by using information science structures that conjure the nervous system. It incorporates the uses of laptop simulations and hence theoretical models to review the functions of the system of the brain.                                                     

Neuro-Nanotechnology is an advanced treatment approach in the field of Neuroscience. Nanotechnology gives about nano-materials and the collaboration of nanotechnology with neuroscience can convert basic science into novel materials for the treatment and observation of the pathological condition in Neurological disease.

Neuro pathological signs of Cognitive disorders are neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques. Plaques consist majorly of the protein fragment beta-amyloid. This particle is produced from a "parent" molecule called amyloid precursor protein. Tangles comprise of tau, a protein normally involved in maintaining the internal structure of the nerve cell. While tau is normally modified by phosphorylation, or the attachment of phosphate molecules, excessive phosphorylation appears to contribute to tangle formation and prevents the protein from carrying out its normal functions. Oxidative stress or damage to cellular structures by toxic oxygen molecules known as free radicals is also regarded as a pathology characteristic of Alzheimer’s. Individuals with Alzheimer’s typically experience brain inflammation. Many of the oldest patients with Alzheimer’s show signs of cerebrovascular disease in addition to "classic" Alzheimer's neuropathology.

Neurosurgery is a specialized area of neurology, which is the treatment and diagnosis of diseases and injuries affected the spinal cord and nervous system. More earn high incomes for their expertise, but such benefits are accompanied by a number of day to day challenges. The daily of Neurosurgeons is extremely complex and demanding, with rapidly changing tasks and responsibilities, assessing and diagnosing the patients. Without these eminent people the field of neurology and the treatment for the disorders wouldn’t be as dazzling as now.

A migraine is a major headache disorder which characterized by recurrent headaches that are moderate to severe. Typically, the headaches affect one of the head, are pulsating in nature and last from a few hours to 3 days. It has some symptoms like nausea, vomiting and sensitivity to light, sound or smell. The pain is generally made inferior by physical activity. Up to one third of people affected have an aura, typically a short period of visual disturbance that signals that the headache will occur very soon!

Neural dynamics is the study of the nervous systems remarkable capacity to change and at a systems level, the dynamic interaction between integration and segregation of brain regions enables all aspects of behaviour, including memory, learning, homeostasis and sensorimotor control. Real time collision-free path planning and tracking dominance of mobile robot in a dynamic environment is investigated using a neural dynamics based approach. The real time robot path is generated through a dynamics based approach. The real time robot path is generated through a dynamic neural activity landscape of a topologically organized neural network that shows the changing environment. The dynamics of every neuron is characterized by an additive neural dynamics model. The effectiveness and efficiency of this approach are indicates through simulation studies.

The interrelation between Neurology and Immunology is known as Neuroimmunology. It helps in the improvement of novel pharmacological treatments for many neurological diseases. Neurological infections occur when bacteria invade the nervous system. They reach the brain through the bloodstream.

It is an older term for the treatment of disorders which affect the nervous system psychological, nervous disorders and psychiatric. It is a quarterly peer-reviewed medical journal wrapping research on experimental treatments of neurological disorders. There is a profound improvement in the diagnostics procedure and drug discovery in the field of Neurology. It incorporates stem cells and treatment, Nerve injury and repair Clinical case report, cell, Neurogenesis and gene cased approach and Neurotransmitter release and cell repair.

It is mainly focused on the integrated study of Neurology and Psychiatry and also the treatment of individuals with these disorders. Neuropsychiatry supports the field of neuroscience and it is used in good understanding of psychiatric and neurologic disorders and to examine the treatment and care of persons with neurological conditions, particularly those that affect behaviour. Psychology is the field that deals with mind, behaviourism, conscious and unconscious of the individuals. Psychologist also involved in research, consultation, and teaching and even in forensic testimony. They focus in the health and wellbeing of the patient and there are some psychologists who work under the research how human being relates to each other and machine and works to improve the relationship.